Tracks
| # | Title | Sung by | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stripped Away (radio edit) | Swimmers Jackson | 3:43 |
Source: MusicBrainz release group 443465ea-98e6-463b-b376-3078c0c415e5 (CC0). Cover: Cover Art Archive.
| # | Title | Sung by | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stripped Away (radio edit) | Swimmers Jackson | 3:43 |
Source: MusicBrainz release group 443465ea-98e6-463b-b376-3078c0c415e5 (CC0). Cover: Cover Art Archive.